Basic Computer Fundamental Note

Basic Computer Fundamental

11. What is Computers?

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks.

2. Computer hardware?

Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

3. Computer Software?

Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work

4. Characteristics of Computer

·         SPEED : In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster than computer.

·         ACCURACY: Since Computer is programmed, so whatever input we give it gives result with accurately.

·         STORAGE: Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate format.

·         DILIGENCE: Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.

·         VERSATILITY: We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the same time.

·         POWER OF REMEMBERING: It can remember data for us.

·         NO IQ : Computer does not work without instruction.

·         NO FEELING: Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, and feeling.

5. Full Form of Computer-

·         C-Commonly

·         O-Operated

·         M-Machine

·         P-Particularly

·         U-Used for

·         T-Technology

·         E-Education and

·         R-Research

6. The four basic types of computers are as under

a. Supercomputer

    A supercomputer is a computer With a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second instead of million instructions per second.

b. Mainframe Computer.

    Mainframe computers or mainframes are computers used Primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.

c. Minicomputer.

    A minicomputer, or Colloquially mini, is a class of smaller Computers that was developed in the mid-1960s and sold for much less than mainframe and mid-size computers from IBM and its direct competitors

d. Microcomputer.

    A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive Computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board.

  

7. What is a computer virus?

A computer virus is a type of malicious software that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus.

8. Types of virus

a. Boot Sector Virus

From a user perspective, boot sector viruses are some of the most dangerous. Because they infect the master boot record, they are notoriously difficult to remove, often requiring a full system format. This is especially true if the virus has encrypted the boot sector or excessively damaged the code.

b. Direct Action Virus

A direct action virus is one of the two main types of file infector viruses (the other being a resident virus). The virus is considered “non-resident”; it doesn’t install itself or remain hidden in your computer’s memory.

c. Resident Virus

Resident viruses are the other primary type of file infectors. Unlike direct action viruses, they install themselves on a computer. It allows them to work even when the original source of the infection has been eradicated. As such, experts consider them to be more dangerous than their direct action cousin.

d. Multipartite Virus

While some viruses are happy to spread via one method or deliver a single payload, multipartite viruses want it all. A virus of this type may spread in multiple ways, and it may take different actions on an infected computer depending on variables, such as the operating system installed or the existence of certain files.

e. Polymorphic Virus

According to Symantec, polymorphic viruses are one of the most difficult to detect/remove for an anti-virus program. It claims anti-virus firms need to “spend days or months creating the detection routines needed to catch a single polymorphic”.

f. Overwrite Virus

To an end-user, an overwrite virus is one of the most frustrating, even if it’s not particularly dangerous for your system as a whole.

g. Space filler Virus

Also known as “Cavity Viruses”, space filler viruses are more intelligent than most of their counterparts. A typical modus operandi for a virus is to simply attach itself to a file, but space fillers try to get into the empty space which can sometimes be found within the file itself.

9. Antivirus software

Antivirus software, or anti-virus software, also known as anti-malware, is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name.

10. Types of Software

Software is a set of instructions or programs written by programmers/developers on various languages for computer to perform some specific task. Software is often divided into two categories.

a. System Software

It is a base for application software which responsible for managing hardware.

In other words we can say that system software is a intermediator between user and hardware. system software is also known as Operating System

Example - MS-Windows, UNIX, Linux, Sun Solaris

b. Application Software

  simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user programs because they enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing graphics, running businesses, and even playing games! Application software is specific to the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application or as complex as a word processing application.

11. Computer operating system software

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language.

12. RAM

Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently being used. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.

13. ROM

Read-only memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device.

14. What is GUI?

GUI Definition. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well)

15. Disk operating system

A disk operating system is a computer operating system that can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disc. A disk operating system must provide a file system for organizing, reading, and writing files on the storage disk.

16. Linux

Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution

17. Windows XP

Windows XP is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001.

18. Windows 7

Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.

19. Windows 8

Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, with general availability on October 26, 2012

20. Windows 10

Windows 10 is a series of personal computer operating systems produced by Microsoft as part of its Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the successor to Windows 8.1, and was released to manufacturing on July 15, 2015, and broadly released for retail sale on July 29, 2015.

21. Open-source software

Open-source software is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner

22. License Software

A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law, all software is copyright protected, in both source code and object code forms. The only exception is software in the public domain

23. Input Devices

In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones.

24. Output device

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form. In brief, output unit is responsible for providing the output in user readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video.

25. Computer Processors

A central processing unit, also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output operations specified by the instructions

26. Motherboards

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board found in general purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals

27. Computer Monitors

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply.

28. Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas

29. Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a Graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents. Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.

30. Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications

31. Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software company named Forethought, Inc. It was released on April 20, 1987, initially for Macintosh computers only. Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for $14 million three months after it appeared

32. Internet

A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

"The guide is also available on the Internet"

33. Computer network

A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes. These data links are established over cable media such as wires or optic cables, or wireless media such as Wi-Fi.

34. Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware. It is considered one of the Big Four technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple and Facebook.

35. YouTube

YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.

36. Facebook

Facebook, Inc. is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes

37. Website

A website or web site is a collection of related network web resources, such as web pages, multimedia content, which are typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.

38. Computer Servers

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices

39. Advantage of computer

The major advantage of using computers in this way are given below. Computers makes it possible to receive, supply and process large volumes of data at very high speed. Computer reduces the cost of all data related operations including, input, output, storage, processing, and transmission.

40. Disadvantage of computer

Some of the disadvantages of using computers are:
Using computer can make you physically weak and lazy. Doing extra unwanted activities on computers can waste your time. By using computers for a long time, your blood circulation can become poor due to less physical activities

41. Uses of computer

Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students, Teachers, Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers have made our life easier. With greater precision and accuracy and less time taking computers can do alot in short time while that task can take a lot of time while doing manually. Computers have taken industries and businesses to a whole new level. They are used at Home for work and entertainment purposes, at Office, In hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss some of the uses of computers in various fields.

A. Home Budget

Computer can be used to manage Home Budget. You can easily calculate your expenses and income. You can list all expenses in one column and income in another column. Then you can apply any calculation on these columns to plan your home budget. There are also specialize software that can manage your income and expenses and generate some cool reports.

B. Computer Games

An important use of computers at home is playing games. Different types of games are available. These games are a source of entertainment and recreation. Many games are available that are specially developed to improve your mental capability and thinking power.

C. Working from Home

People can manage the office work at home. The owner of a company can check the work of the employees from home. He can control his office while sitting at home.

E. Entertainment

People can find entertainment on the internet. They can watch movies, listen to songs, and watch videos download different stuff. They can also watch live matches on the internet.

F. Information

People can find any type of information on the internet. Educational and informative websites are available to download books, tutorials etc. to improve their knowledge and learn new things.

G. Chatting & Social Media

People can chat with friends and family on the internet using different software like Skype etc. One can interact with friends over social media websites like Facebook, Twitter & Google Plus. They can also share photos and videos with friends.

H. Uses of Computers in Education

CBT are different programs that are supplied on CD-ROM. These programs include text, graphics and sound. Audio and Video lectures are recorded on the CDs. CBT is a low cost solution for educating people. You can train a large number of people easily.

I. Distance Learning

Distance learning is a new learning methodology. Computer plays the key role in this kind of learning. Many institutes are providing distance learning programs. The student does not need to come to the institute. The institute provides the reading material and the student attends virtual classroom. In virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own workplace. The student can attend the lecture at home by connecting to a network. The student can also ask questions to the teacher.

J. Online Examination

The trend of online examination is becoming popular. Different examination like GRE, GMAT and SAT are conducted online all over the world. The questions are marked by computer. It minimizes the chance of mistakes. It also enables to announce the result in time.

K. Uses of Computers in Business

The use of computer technology in business provides many facilities. Businessmen are using computers to interact with their customers anywhere in the world. Many business tasks are performed more quickly and efficiently. Computers also help them to reduce the overall cost of their business. Computer can be used in business in the following ways.

K. Marketing

An organization can use computers for marketing their products. Marketing applications provide information about the products to customers. Computer is also used to manage distribution system, advertising and selling activities. It can also be used in deciding pricing strategies. Companies can know more about their customers and their needs and requirements etc.

L. Stock Exchange

Stock Exchange is the most important place for businessmen. Many stock exchanges use computers to conduct bids. The stockbrokers perform all trading activities electronically. They connect with the computer where brokers match the buyers with sellers. It reduces cost as no paper or special building is required to conduct these activities.

M. Hospital Management System

Specialized hospital management softwares are used to automate the day to day procedures and operations at hospitals. These tasks may be Online appointments, payroll admittance and discharge records etc.

N. Patient History

Hospital management systems can store data about patients. Computers are used to store data about patients, their diseases & symptoms, the medicines that are prescribed.

O. Patients Monitoring

Monitoring systems are installed in medical wards and Intensive care units to monitoring patients continuously. These systems can monitor pulse, blood pressure and body temperature and can alert medical staff about any serious situations.

P. Life Support Systems

Specialized devices are used to help impaired patients like hearing aids.

Q. Diagnosis Purpose

A variety of software's are used to investigate symptoms and prescribed medication accordingly. Sophisticated systems are used for tests like CT Scan, ECG, and other medical tests.

42. Computer mouse

A computer mouse, often simply referred to as a mouse, is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface

43. Keyboards

A computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input method for computers

44. Printer

In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers

Types of Printer

·         A. Laser Printers.

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image

B. LED printer

An LED printer is a type of computer printer similar to a laser printer. Such a printer uses a light-emitting diode array as a light source in the print head instead of the laser used in laser printers and, more generally, in the xerography process.

·         C. Inkjet Printers.

Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines.

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·         D. Dot Matrix Printers.

Dot matrix printing, sometimes called impact matrix printing, is the process of computer printing from a collection of dot matrix data to a device, which can be one of: Impact dot matrix printers non-impact dot matrix printers, such as inkjet, thermal, or laser printers

E. 3D Printers.

The term "3D printing" covers a variety of processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together, typically layer by layer.

45. What is Scanner?

An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner, although the term is ambiguous out of context —is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image.

46. What is speaker?

A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type of speaker in the 2010s is the dynamic speaker, invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice

47. What is microphone?

A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal

48. What is headphone?

Headphones traditionally refer to a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound

49. What is Robot?

A robot is a machine especially one programmable by a computer capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within.

50. What is E-commerce?

E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet

 The End

*Best of Luck!*